As another incentive for the military to use the shuttle, Congress reportedly told DoD that it would not pay for any satellites not designed to fit into the shuttle cargo bay. [6] Although NRO did not redesign existing satellites for the shuttle, the vehicle retained the ability to retrieve large cargos such as the KH-9 HEXAGON from orbit for refurbishment, and the agency studied resupplying the satellite in space. [7] Statistically an airliner is the least risky form of transportation, which implies high reliability. And in the early 1970s, when President Richard M. Nixon, Congress, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) were all skeptical of the shuttle, proving high reliability was crucial to the program’s continued funding. Pincus, Walter (March 5, 1986). "NASA's Push to Put Citizen in Space Overtook Fully 'Operational' Shuttle". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017 . Retrieved July 14, 2020. The Space Shuttle program used the HAL/S programming language. [10] The first microprocessor used was the 8088 and later the 80386. The Space Shuttle orbiter avionics computer was the IBM AP-101. Another decision was the size of the crew. Some said that the shuttle should not carry more than four, the most that could use ejection seats. A commander, pilot, mission specialist, and payload specialist were sufficient for any mission. NASA expected to carry more space flight participants as payload specialists, so designed the vehicle to carry more. [2]

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Also to examine the shuttle as a system, NASA conducted a one-time critical functions assessment in 1978, which searched for multiple and cascading failures. The information from all these studies fed one way into an overall mission safety assessment. Items that did not meet certain design, reliability and safety requirements specified by NASA’s top management and whose failure could threaten the toss of crew, vehicle, or mis­sion, made up a critical i tems list (CIL). Before the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969, NASA began studies of Space Shuttle designs as early as October 1968. The early studies were denoted "Phase A", and in June 1970, "Phase B", which were more detailed and specific. The primary intended use of the Space Shuttle was supporting the future space station, ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20,000 pounds (9,100kg) of cargo, and being able to be rapidly turned around for future flights. Take the branch and saw off a part from the right tip to the intersection (in the case of my branch). Grey estimated that spares of the crucial modules might add another 10 percent to the space station’s cost. “But NASA is not willing to go to bat for that extra because they ’re unwilling to take the political risk,” he said— a replay, he fears, of NASA’s response to the political negativism over the shuttle in the 1970s.In lieu of using probability numbers, the NSTS [National Space Transportation System] relies on engineering judgment using rigid and well-documented design, configuration, safety, reliability, and quality assurance controls,” the Johnson authors continued. This outlook determined the data NASA managers required engineers to collect. For example, no “lapsed-time indicators” were kept on shuttle components, subsystems, and systems, although “a fairly accurate estimate of time and/or cycles could be derived,” the Johnson authors added. Wade, Mark. "Shuttle". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016 . Retrieved November 12, 2017. All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions, a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more [ citation needed]. As each of these projects fought for funding, the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained. Three were eventually presented to Vice President Agnew in 1969. The shuttle project rose to the top, largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters [ citation needed]. By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame.

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For a crisp, clean look buffer up the sides of the model. If you've been sanding after each cut, this step shouldn't be that bad. By the early 1980s many figures were being quoted for the overall risk to the shuttle, with estimates of a catastrophic failure ranging from less than 1 chance in 100 to 1 chance in 100 000. “The higher figures [1 in 100] come from working engineers, and the very low figures [1 in 100 000] from management,” wrote physicist Richard P. Feynman in his appendix “Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle” to the 1986 Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Amid such political unpopularity, which threatened the program’s very existence, “some NASA people began to confuse desire with reality,” said Adelbert Tischler, retired NASA director of launch vehicles and propulsion. “One result was to assess risk in terms of what was thought acceptable without regard for verifying the assessment.” He added: “Note that under such circumstances real risk management is shut out.” Risk assessments conducted during design and operation: preliminary hazards analysis; failure modes and effects analysis with critical items list; various safety assessments, all qualitative at the system level, but with quantitative analyses conducted for specific subsystems.During the mid-1960s the United States Air Force had both of its major piloted space projects, X-20 Dyna-Soar and Manned Orbiting Laboratory, canceled. This demonstrated its need to cooperate with NASA to place military astronauts in orbit. In turn, by serving Air Force needs, the Shuttle became a truly national system, carrying all military as well as civilian payloads. [3] Making the wheels can be quite hard. Although it may be hard, the rewards of someone telling you how cool they are when you have them retract are worth more than the work it takes to make it. I started off watching a few videos of the space shuttle landing to get and idea of how the landing gears work. Although my design is inaccurate (the sheer resistance on the flaps at high speed would rip them off their hinges), I chose to do it that way since it was easier to have the wheels perpendicular to the part that holds up the wheels (suspension?) vs it being parallel. Causes: inadequate original design (booster joint rotated farther open than intended); faulty judgment (managers decided to launch despite record low temperatures and ice on launch pad); possible unanticipated external events (severe wind shear may have been a contributing factor).

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One reason NASA has so strongly resisted probabilistic risk analysis may be the fact that “PRA runs against all traditions of engineering, where you handle reliability by safety factors,” said Elisabeth Paté-Cornell, associate professor in the department of industrial engineering and engineering management at Stanford University in California, who is now studying organizational factors and risk assessment in NASA. In addition, with NASA’s strong pride in design, PRA may be “perceived as an insult to their capabilities, that the system they ’ve designed is not 100 percent perfect and absolutely safe,” she added. Thus, the character of an organization influences the reliability and failure of the systems it builds because its structure, policy, and culture determine the priorities, incentives, and communication paths for the engineers and managers doing the work, she said. Hey man, Im going to use this for my school project, it looks awesome. When i'm finished do you want me to post a pic? Grumman Aerospace Corporation; The Boeing Company (March 15, 1972). Space Shuttle System Program Definition - Phase B Extension - Final Report (PDF) (Technical report). NASA. hdl: 2060/19740022195. NASA-CR-134338. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2023.The real value of probabilistic risk analysis is in understanding the system and its vulnerabilities,” said Benjamin Buchbinder, manager of NASA’s two-year-old risk management program. He maintains that probabilistic risk analysis can go beyond design-oriented qualitative techniques in looking at the interactions of subsystems, ascertaining the effects of human activity and environmental conditions, and detecting common-cause failures. To keep with the layered effect, I made the wing 3 separate parts indicated by the drawing. I arrived at my design by looking at top views of the space shuttle and doing some research as to what kind of wing the shuttle had. I came to the conclusion that it had sort of a delta shape with a combination of a trapezoid. There is no real way to do the wing as long as it is in the general shape of the shuttle. I also realized that the flat part of the wing that is furthest from the body is a bit too long but it's fine.