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keep children away from yards or places with vehicle movements and make sure they are returned to a responsible adult if they stray into transport areas. This 1563 law was known as the statute of artificers, c. 5 Elizabeth. It stipulated the length of the workday and gave the justices, country sheriffs, and mayors the power to fix wages annually at the Easter quarter sessions. James Moher, “From Suppression to Containment: Roots of Trade Union Law to 1825,” in Rule, ed., British Trade Unionism, 77.
Daryl M. Hafter, “Women Who Wove in the Eighteenth-Century Silk Industry of Lyon,” in Daryl M. Hafter, ed., European Women and Preindustrial Craft (Bloomington, IN 1995), 50–5. Archer, Social Unrest and Popular Protest, 9, 87; Rudé, Paris and London, 28 and The Crowd in History, 83–4.Conflicts between nations regarding access to energy sources (particularly oil) and material resources (particularly iron and various metals with which it is alloyed) required to ensure national self-sufficiency. Such conflicts were contributory to two devastating world wars. The standard account is Lynn Avery Hunt, Revolution & Urban Politics in Provincial France: Troyes and Reims, 1786–1790 (Stanford, CA 1978). See also Jeff Horn, « Qui parle pour la nation? » Les élections et les élus de la Champagne méridionale, 1765–1830 (Paris 2004), ch. 3.
Cookson is particularly on guard against anachronisms and building the future into the past. Here she is particularly critical of economic history texts that, she concludes, tell us very little of how technology really evolved. Instead, it was a wide community-based endeavor characterized by casual work and subcontracting. Textile machines did not suddenly appear and radically change production. Instead they fed into existing systems and integrated with traditional social labor. Each process in the production, say, of yarn invited different solutions. For example, the development of slubbing—preparing the fiber for spinning—was, arguably, more important than was the actual mechanization of spinning the fiber. The process worked differently for cotton, wool, and flax. This is a complicated history that took place over a long period of time and was driven by specific locations and distinct community contexts. To tell this history, Cookson has scoured every fragment of available sources to gain a glimpse into this crucial, but all-too-often forgotten, world. It was, as she shows, these relatively uneducated gritty men of limited capital who spearheaded engineering achievements during this period. This was a revolution driven not by an “Industrial Enlightenment” and the new sciences, but by traditional skills and practices. The notion of an Industrial Enlightenment is not only ahistorical, but it dismisses the very people who birthed the machinery of industrialization.you assess the temperament of any cattle kept in fields with public access, and remove from the group any with a history of aggression, or that may be aggressive because of illness, young calves etc; E.P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76–136.
Darbot, La Trinité, 31–2; André Colomès, Les Ouvriers du Textile dans la Champagne troyenne 1730–1852 (Paris 1943), 85–7; Jean-Nicolas Feugé, Compte de la situation politique du département de l’Aube pendant le mois de nivôse an 8, 15 Pluviôse, Year VIII (4 February 1800), AN F1CIII Aube 3; and Ricommard, La Bonneterie, 38–9. Growth of strong corporations through their abilities to exploit economies of scale in materials and equipment acquisition, manufacturing, and distribution you consider whether it is reasonably practicable to temporarily fence rights of way so that cattle cannot access them. The disparity of the numbers involved here, their relationship to narrative, and governmental practice provide an interesting test case of early liberal ideology in practice. On the significance of statistics in late 18th-century liberal thinking, see Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago 1998), esp. 239–45. use fencing, such as pig netting topped with two strands of barbed wire, to an overall height of at least 1.3 m.Note pour servir de supplement au Mémoire de M. De Maurey sur les moyens de perfectionner les arts mécaniques, slsd [1790], AD Seine-Maritime C 2120. Thomas Carlyle claims to capture the essence of the Victorian Age with one adjective: mechanical. Yet his essay "Signs of the Times" is not a simple critique of the Industrial Revolution but one that examines the effects of a mechanical mindset on society and the individual. Early on in the essay Carlyle plays with his broad sense of the word "mechanical." The following passage, for example, seems to concern solely the literal advancements of technology; however, Carlyle hints at something much greater: Training should take place during working hours and be at no cost to the employee. If it is necessary for training to take place outside the employee's normal working hours, this should be treated as an extension of their time at work. Who can provide training?
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